Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid) — The Coenzyme A Precursor
Vitamin B5, or pantothenic acid, is an essential water-soluble vitamin that serves as the obligate precursor to Coenzyme A (CoA). It is critical for mitochondrial energy production, lipid metabolism, and the synthesis of neurotransmitters, though its direct impact on human longevity remains unproven.
Mechanism of Action
Pantothenic acid is phosphorylated and conjugated with cysteine to form Coenzyme A (CoA) and acyl carrier protein (ACP). CoA is a central hub of cellular metabolism, required for the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, beta-oxidation of fatty acids, and the synthesis of cholesterol and steroid hormones. Through acetyl-CoA, it also provides the acetyl groups necessary for histone acetylation, directly linking cellular energy status to epigenetic regulation and gene expression.
Human Trial Evidence
No published human longevity trials. Animal/in-vitro evidence only. Clinical studies in humans have primarily focused on its derivative, pantethine, for lipid-lowering effects, but there is no robust evidence demonstrating that pantothenic acid supplementation extends lifespan or healthspan in healthy humans.
Dosing Protocol
5–10 mg/day is the standard dietary requirement, often included in B-complex supplements. Therapeutic doses of its derivative, pantethine, for dyslipidemia range from 600–900 mg/day in divided doses. Best taken with water.
Safety & Contraindications
Generally recognized as safe (GRAS) with a very low toxicity profile. High doses (e.g., >10 g/day) may cause mild gastrointestinal distress, such as diarrhea. No significant drug interactions are well-documented, though it may interact with tetracycline antibiotics.