Tribulus terrestris — The Adaptogenic Botanical

Tribulus terrestris contains steroidal saponins, notably protodioscin, which are thought to be its primary active compounds. Its mechanism of action in erectile function involves the nitric oxide/nitric oxide synthase (NO/NOS) pathway, leading to relaxation of the corpus cavernosum endothelium. It may also stimulate the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), though its direct impact on androgen levels in humans remains poorly characterised. Additionally, in vitro studies suggest it can induce apoptosis and suppress proliferation in certain cell lines.

Human trials show mixed results regarding efficacy. While some studies suggest improvements in sexual function and erectile dysfunction in men with mild to moderate symptoms, evidence that it increases testosterone levels in humans is weak and largely unsubstantiated. No published human longevity trials exist.

750–1,500 mg/day of extract is the most studied range in humans, typically divided into two or three doses and taken with meals. Protocols usually limit continuous use to 90 days. Powder forms are sometimes dosed at 0.5 to 3 grams per day.

Generally considered safe for short-term use (up to 90 days) at recommended doses, with mild side effects like stomach cramps and nausea. High doses or long-term use may carry risks of liver and kidney damage, with rare reports of rhabdomyolysis and severe jaundice. It may interact with lithium, decreasing its clearance and increasing toxicity risk. Pregnant and lactating women should avoid use.

Key Papers